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济南到广西物流:无人机物流的农村包围城市之路

发布者:利贞物流 发布日期:2018-08-17
近年来,无人机技术的发展延续到了军事领域,逐渐的也在物流行业盛行。在趋势明确的情况下,我们应该如何应对?
In recent years, the development of UAV technology has extended to the military field, and has gradually become popular in the logistics industry. What should we do when the trend is clear?
 
近年来,随着无人机技术在军事领域的逐渐成熟,以及制造简易、成本低等优势,民用市场上的无人机应用已越来越广泛,覆盖了空中拍照、农林植保、电力巡线等领域,并有向物流配送领域发展的趋势。相关数据显示,我国民用无人驾驶航空器的持有量已经达到了百万架,并大有在通用航空、货运航空等诸多领域,替代有人驾驶航空器的势。
In recent years, with the gradual maturity of UAV technology in the military field, as well as the advantages of simple manufacturing and low cost, UAV application in the civil market has become more and more extensive, covering aerial photography, agricultural and forestry plant protection, power line patrol and other fields, and has the trend of development in the field of logistics and distribution. Relevant data show that China's civil unmanned aircraft holdings have reached a million, and there are a lot of general aviation, cargo aviation and many other fields, the potential to replace manned aircraft.
 
对于无人机的快速发展,我国政府一直持开放包容的态度,工业和信息化部于2017年联合国家有关部门发布了《无人驾驶航空器系统标准体系建设指南(2017-2018年版)》,提出我国无人机发展目标是到2020年,民用无人机产业产值达到600亿元,同时民航局制定了无人机运行的相关政策和标准,对驾驶员从业条件和无人机的运行标准进行了明确。随着无人机从事经营性活动在国内的开展,越来越多的企业开始申请使用无人机开展物流配送业务。
With regard to the rapid development of UAVs, the Chinese government has been open and inclusive. In 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Guidelines for the Standard System Construction of UAVs (2017-2018 edition). It proposed that the development goal of UAVs in China is to achieve the output value of the civil UAV industry by 2020. At the same time, the Civil Aviation Administration has formulated relevant policies and standards for the operation of UAVs, and made clear the conditions for pilots and the operating standards of UAVs. With the development of UAV business activities in China, more and more enterprises begin to apply for the use of UAV to carry out logistics distribution business.
 
无人机相关管理政策开放又严格
UAV related management policy is open and strict.

 
美国FAA要求重量在0.55磅~55磅(约合0.25公斤~25公斤)的业余无人机必须注册,对于2016年2月19日之后还未登记的无人机将处以最高27500美元的刑事和民事处罚,最高可判处3年监禁。FAA的107部法案要求自2016年8月起,在美国领土内的民用无人机,都需要按照107部运行,且重量不得大于55磅(25公斤),只能白天在目视视距内运行,可以开展有偿商业运输。法国规定无人机只能在白天飞行,高度不能超过150米,无人机进入受控空域或者限制空域需要事先授权。英国禁止使用20公斤以上的无人机,禁止无人机在航道150米范围内运行,同时规定无人机与其他航空器的距离需超过50米。
The FAA requires amateur UAVs weighing between 0.55 and 55 pounds (about 0.25 and 25 kilograms) to be registered. Unregistered UAVs that have not been registered since February 19, 2016 will be subject to a maximum criminal and civil penalty of $27,500 and a maximum of three years'imprisonment. The FAA's 107 Acts require that, from August 2016, all civil UAVs operating on U.S. territory should be operated in 107 units, weighing no more than 55 pounds (25 kilograms), operating only within visual range during the day, allowing for Paid Commercial transport. France stipulates that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can only fly during the day, and the altitude can not exceed 150 meters. The entry of UAVs into controlled or restricted airspace requires prior authorization. Britain banned the use of more than 20 kilograms of unmanned aerial vehicles, banned unmanned aerial vehicles operating within 150 meters of the waterway, and stipulated that the distance between unmanned aerial vehicles and other aircraft should be more than 50 meters.
 
我国先后出台了多项规章对无人机运行标准进行了明确,其中民航局飞标司发布的《民用无人机驾驶员管理规定》表示,在人烟稀少、空旷的非人口稠密区进行试验的无人机,由无人机系统驾驶员自行负责,无须证照管理。
China has promulgated a number of regulations to clarify the operating standards of UAVs, of which the Civil Aviation Administration Flying Standards Division issued the "Civil UAV Driver Management Regulations" that, in sparsely populated, open non-densely populated areas for testing UAVs, UAV system pilots are responsible for their own, without licence management.
 
2015年12月发布的《轻小无人机运行规定(试行)》要求对于重点地区和机场净空区以下使用的Ⅱ类和Ⅴ类的民用无人机,应接入无人机云,或者仅将其地面操控设备位置信息接入无人机云,报告频率最少每分钟一次。对于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ类的民用无人机应接入无人机云,在人口稠密区报告频率最少每秒一次。在非人口稠密区报告频率最少每30秒一次。民航局适航审定司发布的《民用无人驾驶航空器实名制登记管理规定》要求自2017年6月1日起,民用无人机的拥有者必须按照本管理规定的要求进行实名登记。
The "Running Regulations for Light and Small UAVs (Trial Implementation)" issued in December 2015 requires that UAVs of Class II and V used in key areas and airport clearance areas should be connected to the UAV cloud, or only their ground control equipment location information should be connected to the UAV cloud, reporting frequency at least once a minute. Civil UAV classes III, IV, VI and_should be accessed to the UAV cloud and reported at least once a second in densely populated areas. Reporting frequency is at least once every 30 seconds in non densely populated areas. The Regulations on the Administration of Real-name Registration of Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles issued by the Airworthiness Certification Division of the Civil Aviation Administration require the owners of civil unmanned aerial vehicles to register in real names in accordance with the requirements of these Regulations as of June 1, 2017.
 
2017年8月31日后,民用无人机拥有者,如果未按照本管理规定实施实名登记和粘贴登记标志的,其行为将被视为违反法规的非法行为,其无人机的使用将受影响,监管主管部门将按照相关规定进行处罚。2016年9月,民航局空管行业管理办公室发布《民用无人驾驶航空器系统空中交通管理办法》,其中明确规定飞行密集区、人口稠密区、重点地区、繁忙机场周边空域,原则上不划设民用无人驾驶航空器飞行空域。
After August 31, 2017, if the civil UAV owner fails to implement the real-name registration and paste registration marks in accordance with the provisions of this Administration, his behavior will be deemed to be illegal violations of laws and regulations, the use of UAV will be affected, and the competent regulatory authorities will be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions. In September 2016, the Air Traffic Management Office of the Civil Aviation Administration issued the "Measures for Air Traffic Control of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems", which clearly stipulates the flight-intensive areas, densely populated areas, key areas, and airspace around busy airports, and in principle does not delimit the flight space of civil unmanned aircraft.
 
2018年6月1日开始执行的《民用无人驾驶航空器经营性飞行活动管理办法(暂行)》对使用无人机从事多种经营性活动进行了规范,明确无人机可以从事的经营活动,但是无人机物流配送并未纳入其中。
The Regulations on the Management of Commercial Flight Activities of Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Interim) implemented on June 1, 2018 regulate the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for diversified business activities and make it clear that UAVs can engage in business activities, but the logistics and distribution of UAVs are not included.
从我国与世界各国的无人机管理政策对比可以看出,首先无人机需要登记注册,明确其身份;其次基本上都依据无人机的重量进行分级分类,对不同的级别有不同的运行限制条件;第三,对于无人机的运行空域进行了区分对待,民航飞行密集区、重点地区一般不划设无人机飞行空域,而对于非人口稠密地区则运行限制较少;第四,对于无人机从事商业活动,各国态度各异,有的允许,有的不允许。我国允许从事经营性活动,但是经营范围有所限制。
From the comparison of UAV management policies between China and other countries in the world, we can see that first, UAVs need to register and identify themselves; secondly, they are basically classified according to the weight of UAVs, with different operating restrictions for different levels; thirdly, the operating airspace of UAVs is treated differently. Fourthly, there are different attitudes towards the commercial activities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), some with or without permission. China is allowed to engage in business activities, but its scope of operation is limited.
 
总体来讲,大部分国家对无人机飞行持开放态度,但是考虑到无人机的安全性尚不稳定和无人机在融合空域运行的指挥难度,各国均对无人机运行制定了详细的规定,可以看出这种开放程度是有限的。
Generally speaking, most countries are open to UAV flight. However, considering the unstable safety of UAV and the difficulty of commanding UAV operation in the integrated airspace, many countries have formulated detailed regulations on UAV operation, which can be seen that the degree of openness is limited.
 
无人机物流配送的优势显而易见
The advantages of UAV logistics distribution are obvious.
 
随着网络消费在我国的崛起,物流已经成为我国经济的一个重要增长点。据数据显示,2017年我国快递业务量400.6亿件,同比增长28%;快递业务收入4957.1亿元,同比增长24.7%。2018年1月~5月,全国快递业务量178.5亿件,同比增长28.3%;快递业务收入2236.4亿元,同比增长27%。在目前的快递体系中,每一单快递都是有快递员收件、派件完成的,如果使用无人机开展快递业务,将减少人力和运力成本,能更加有效地提高配送效率。
With the rise of network consumption in China, logistics has become an important growth point of our economy. According to the data, in 2017, China's express business volume of 40.6 billion pieces, an increase of 28%; express business revenue 495.71 billion yuan, an increase of 24.7%. In January 2018 ~5, the National Express business volume was 17 billion 850 million, an increase of 28.3% over the same period.
 
无人机物流,不受地形限制。从顺丰在江西赣州南康北五乡开展的无人机物流配送试点来看,江西赣州属于丘陵地带,农户居住的较为分散,往往是一个山坳里一个村,而且山路崎岖,由快递员开展配送的话,经常会出现送一个快递要钻一个山坳,取一个快递
要翻一座小山的情况,大量的人力和物力都浪费在路途上。无人机不受地形限制,且飞行路线基本为直线,从现场试点的情况看,平常开车20分钟的路线,由无人机飞行的话,仅需要5分钟。能节省大量的人力和时间成本。
UAV logistics is not restricted by terrain. From Shunfeng's pilots of UAV logistics and distribution in Nankangbei five townships in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou belongs to hilly areas. Farmers live in scattered areas, often in a hill and a village, and the mountain road is rugged. express To turn over a hill, a lot of manpower and material resources are wasted on the road. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is not restricted by terrain, and the flight route is basically straight line. According to the situation of field test, it only takes 5 minutes to drive for 20 minutes. It can save a lot of manpower and time cost.
 
以目前在江西省赣州市南康区开展的无人机物流配送试点为例,2018年4月~6月无人机经营性运输快件277件,单次飞行运输成本约15元,成本主要包括电费、耗材(电池为主)、人力等经营性成本,如果载重量合理利用,预计平均成本小于5元/件。同期其地面快件2054件,地面运输单票成本约23元,较现有无人机运输成本高53%,是预期无人机运输成本的3.6倍左右。
Taking Nankang District of Ganzhou City in Jiangxi Province as an example, 277 business-oriented UAV express shipments were carried out from April to June 2018. The cost of single flight transportation is about 15 yuan. The cost mainly includes the operating costs of electricity, batteries and manpower. If the load is used reasonably, the average is expected. The cost is less than 5 yuan / piece. During the same period, 2054 pieces of surface express, the cost of single ticket for surface transportation is about 23 yuan, 53% higher than the existing UAV transportation cost, and about 3.6 times the expected UAV transportation cost.
 
无人机物流,不受交通状况和时间限制。在急件运输中,最怕遇到堵车和交通管制情况,如果使用无人机来运输急件,可以有效的解决交通拥堵导致的无法顺利运输的问题。
UAV logistics is not subject to traffic conditions and time constraints. In the emergency transport, the most afraid of traffic congestion and traffic control, if the use of UAVs to transport emergency, can effectively solve the traffic congestion caused by the problem of unable to smoothly transport.
 
由于无人机对于障碍物的控制采用的是红外扫描和雷达扫描方式,不受可见光的影响,且无人机的操控是通过通信链路远程控制,在白天和黑夜运行的标准一致,因此,无人机可以做到全天候运行。相较于需要驾驶员的飞行器来讲,其在全天范围可运行的时间更长,受限制更少。
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) control obstacles by infrared scanning and radar scanning mode, not affected by visible light, and UAVs control is remote control through communication links, operating in the daytime and night the same standard, therefore, UAVs can be able to run around the clock. Compared with aircraft requiring pilots, they can operate for longer periods of time throughout the day and are less restricted.
 
农村先行发展积累运行经验
Rural development and operation experience

 
根据相关统计数据,2017年末全国总人口为13.9亿,城镇常住人口为8.1亿,农村常住人口为5.8亿,农村国土面积约占全国国土面积90%以上,人口分布稀疏。而且农村地形复杂,有山区、高原、林地,能充分发挥无人机运输的优势。具体来讲,在农村开展无人机物流配送具有以下一些优势:
According to the relevant statistical data, the total population of China was 1.39 billion at the end of 2017, the permanent population of cities and towns was 810 million, the permanent population of rural areas was 580 million, the rural area accounted for more than 90% of the national land area, and the population distribution was sparse. Moreover, the rural terrain is complex, with mountainous areas, highlands and woodlands, which can give full play to the advantages of UAV transportation. Specifically, the UAV logistics distribution in rural areas has the following advantages:

空域划设简便。我国空域的管理依据是《民用无人驾驶航空器系统空中交通管理办法》,在该办法中明确规定,“无人机飞行应当为其单独划设隔离空域,飞行密集区、人口稠密区、重点地区、繁忙机场周边空域,原则上不划设无人机飞行空域。”有机场的城市,肯定是属于飞行密集区,而没有机场的城市,也可能设有空管导航设施,同属于飞行密集区,不适合划设无人机的飞行空域。相比较来讲,农村人口稀疏,重点目标少,具备划设隔离空域的先天条件,而且农村土地面积较大,可以划设较大范围的隔离空域
Airspace planning is simple. China's airspace management is based on the "Civil Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Air Traffic Management Measures", which clearly stipulates that "unmanned aerial vehicle flights should be separately divided into isolated airspace, flight-intensive areas, densely populated areas, key areas, busy airport surrounding airspace, in principle, not divided into unmanned aerial vehicle flying space. Field. " Cities with airports are certainly flight-intensive areas, and cities without airports may also have air traffic control and navigation facilities, which are both flight-intensive areas and are not suitable for the delimitation of UAV flight areas. Comparatively speaking, the rural population is sparse, the key objectives are few, with the congenital conditions for the establishment of isolated airspace, and the rural land area is large, can be divided into a larger range of isolated airspace.
 
此外,通信及电磁环境较好也是农村的优势。由于农村的电信网络建设是在城市网络建设之后,具备了一定的后发优势,相比较城市来讲,设备、相关技术更新,电信网络保障能力更强。同时由于农村人口分散,网络密度没有城市高,因此网络故障率也比城市低。加上农村的无线电用户少,电磁环境也比城市好很多,适合使用无线电(民用频率)作为通信链路的无人机飞行。
In addition, better communication and electromagnetic environment is also the advantage of rural areas. Because the rural telecommunication network construction is after the urban network construction, with a certain advantage of backwardness, compared with the city, equipment, related technology updates, telecommunication network security capability is stronger. At the same time, because the rural population is dispersed, the network density is not as high as the city, so the network failure rate is also lower than the city. With fewer radio users in the countryside, the electromagnetic environment is much better than that in the city. It is suitable for UAV flying with radio (civil frequency) as communication link.
 
说到安全成本也是重点。无人机的安全成本主要在于两个方面,一个是为确保无人机安全运行本身相关硬件、软件投入,另一个是发生第三方责任事件后产生的赔偿成本。就自身安全投入来讲,使用无人机开展快递业务,需要建设运行控制中心,如果在城市建设的话,用地成本会远高于农村。目前,无人机的技术尚未完全成熟,各种关键系统正处于研发、测试阶段,如果在城市内运行,运行风险较大。此外,城市中楼宇众多、架空线复杂、电磁环境恶劣、人口密集,易发生无人机伤人、伤物的情况,对城市安全运行会产生很大的影响。无人机在地广人稀的农村运行,所产生伤害的概率会低很多,一般也不会产生二次伤害。
Speaking of safety costs is also the key. The safety cost of UAV mainly lies in two aspects, one is to ensure the safe operation of UAV itself related hardware and software investment, the other is the compensation cost after the occurrence of third-party liability incidents. In terms of its own safety input, the use of UAVs to carry out express business needs to build operation control center, if in urban construction, the cost of land will be much higher than in rural areas. At present, the UAV technology is not yet fully mature, a variety of key systems are in the research and development, testing stage, if operating in the city, the operational risk is greater. In addition, many buildings, complex overhead lines, poor electromagnetic environment and dense population in the city are prone to UAV injuries and injuries, which will have a great impact on the safe operation of the city. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operate in a sparsely populated rural area, resulting in a much lower probability of injury, and generally do not produce secondary damage.
 
大量的快递需求是农村市场现状,不可小视。截止2017年6月,我国有2.1亿农村网络用户,农村互联网普及率达到34%,25.1%的村有电子商务配送站点。
A large number of express demand is the status quo of the rural market. As of June 2017, China has 210 million rural network users, rural Internet penetration rate reached 34%, 25.1% of the villages have e-commerce distribution sites.
 
2016年,我国农村网络零售额为8945亿元,农村网店带动就业人数为2000万,快递网点乡镇覆盖率已经达到80%,农村地区收件、投递包裹数量达到80亿件,有1000亿元的农产品外销。可以看出,我国农村有大量的快递需求,有足够的业务量可以承载无人机物流配送的运行。
In 2016, China's rural network retail sales amounted to 894.5 billion yuan, the number of rural shop-led employment was 20 million, the express delivery network coverage of villages and towns has reached 80%, the number of rural receipts, delivery packages reached 8 billion, 100 billion yuan of agricultural products exported. It can be seen that China's rural areas have a large number of express demand, there is enough business to carry the operation of UAV logistics distribution.
 
我国农村地形复杂多样,包括高原、山地、林地、丘陵,而且我国南北纬度跨越较大,气候条件迥异,无人机在这些地区运行,可以积累在不同地形、不同气候条件下的运行经验,为将来进入城市运行打下基础。
China's rural terrain is complex and diverse, including plateau, mountainous, woodland, hilly, and China's north-south latitude across a larger, climate conditions are very different, UAV operation in these areas, can accumulate operating experience in different terrain, different climate conditions, for the future into the city to lay the foundation for operation.
 
当下,中国经济目前正在转换“新引擎”,无人机物流配送兼具物流业和无人机业的特点,无人机应用于物流配送具有很大的潜力,是物流业未来的大趋势,在趋势明确的情况下,我们应该如何应对?对于目前在城市内开展无人机物流配送存在难度较大,痛点较多等问题,短期难以实现。
Nowadays, China's economy is transforming into a "new engine". Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) logistics distribution has the characteristics of both logistics and UAV industry. UAV application in logistics distribution has great potential. It is the major trend of logistics industry in the future. How should we deal with this situation when the trend is clear? At present, it is difficult to carry out UAV logistics distribution in cities, and there are many pain points, which is difficult to achieve in the short term.
 
但是如果将其先应用于受限制较少、条件较好的农村是可行的。在农村开展试点,逐步使无人机在农村物流配送领域得到大范围实际应用,探索盈利模式;同时不断积累运行经验,形成统一的运行标准,使运行能力和技术标准满足相关运行要求。这样一是可以保持与民航业与无人机技术发展的同步、不掉队,具备可以随时切入市场的能力;二是可以为无人机未来进入城市积累运行经验,为将来大规模的复制与推广打下坚实的基础。
However, it is feasible to apply it to less restrictive rural areas with better conditions. The pilot project in rural areas will gradually make UAV in the field of rural logistics and distribution get a wide range of practical applications, explore profit-making mode; at the same time, constantly accumulate operational experience, form a unified operating standard, so that operational capacity and technical standards to meet the relevant operational requirements. In this way, we can keep pace with the development of civil aviation and UAV technology, and have the ability to enter the market at any time. Second, we can accumulate operational experience for UAV entering the city in the future and lay a solid foundation for large-scale replication and promotion in the future.
 
农村包围城市符合无人机物流配送在中国的发展实际,也是无人机物流配送在中国的必然道路。
Surrounding cities in rural areas accords with the actual development of UAV logistics and distribution in China, and is also the inevitable way of UAV logistics and distribution in China.


转自物流时代周刊

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